Neuroscience Course 2: Perception and Vision (~12h) དབང་རྩ། སློབ་ཚན་གཉིས་པ། འདུ་ཤེས་དང་མཐོང་ཚོར། (ཆུ་ཚོད་༡༢ ཙམ།)

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1.1 Observations of single cell organisms: How might a nervous system help them to achieve their goals?

1.2 Nervous Tissue in Various Organisms

1.3 The Human Nervous System

1.4 Structure of a Neuron

1.5 How do neurons transmit signals?

1.6 Brain as the Foundation of the Mind

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2.1 The Scientific Method as a Model of Inquiry

2.2 Steps of the Scientific Method

2.3 What kinds of questions can we investigate with science?

2.4 Hypothesis versus Prediction

2.5 What are graphs?

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3.1 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

3.2 Experiments of Nature

3.3 Manipulating Neuronal Activity

3.4 Comparative Approaches

3.5 Applications of Neuroscience

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4.1 What is a sense?

4.2 How do the senses work?

4.3 Introduction to Sensory Receptors

4.4 Topographic Maps in the Brain

4.5 Relationship between External Physical Properties and Our Sensory Experiences

4.6 Perception as a Constructive Process

4.7 Variation in Sensory Systems

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5.1 Evolutionary Development of the Human Nervous System

5.2 Peripheral Nerves and the Senses

5.3 The Five Major Features of the Human CNS

5.4 Evolution of the Eye

5.5 Improving Visual Acuity

5.6 Functional Neuroanatomy: Fish Example

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6.1 Vision and the Eye

6.2 Somatosensation and the Skin

6.3 Hearing and the Ear

6.4 Taste and the Tongue

6.5 Smell and the Nose

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7.1 How do we see?

7.2 Light, Sight, and Color

7.3 Parts of the Eye

7.4 How is visual information captured?

7.5 Introduction to Rods and Cones

7.6 Structure of Rods and Cones

7.7 Distribution of Rods and Cones

7.8 Properties of the Fovea

7.9 Perceiving Colors

7.10 Receptive Fields in the Retina

7.11 Blind Spot Activity (Optional)

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8.1 The Visual Pathway

8.2 Selective Processing in the Visual Pathway

8.3 Introduction to the Visual Cortex

8.4 Layers of the LGN

8.5 Organization of the Primary Visual Cortex

8.6 How do different kinds of visual information come together?

8.7 Summary of Visual Processing So Far (Optional)

8.8 The “Where” Pathway and the “What” Pathway

8.9 Damage to the “Where” or “What” Pathway: Agnosia (Optional)

8.10 Review of Image Detection

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9.1 Introduction to the Somatosensory System

9.2 Receptors for Touch, Temperature, and Pain

9.3 Receptive Fields for Skin Sensors

9.4 How Receptors Convert Stimuli into Electrical Signals

9.5 Types of Touch Receptors

9.6 How do we detect pain?

9.7 How do we detect temperature?

9.8 The Somatosensory Pathways

9.9 The Somatosensory Cortex

9.10 Somatotopic and Motor Maps

9.11 Cortical Mapping in the Mouse Brain

9.12 Pain in the Cortex

9.13 Empathetic Pain in the Brain (Optional)

9.14 Proprioception

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10.1 Review of the Physics of Sound

10.2 Anatomy of the Ear

10.3 Cochlea and Hair Cells

10.4 The Auditory Pathway

10.5 The Auditory Cortex Tonotopic Map

10.6 How do we localize sounds in space?

10.7 Understanding Speech

10.8 Types of Hearing Loss (Optional)

10.9 Human Hearing versus Other Animals (Optional)

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11.1 Anatomy of the Tongue

11.2 Generating Electrochemical Signals

11.3 The Gustatory Pathway

11.4 Organization of the Gustatory Cortex

11.5 The Purpose of Taste

11.6 Chocolate Experiment (Optional)

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12.1 Introduction to the Olfactory System

12.2 Anatomy of the Nose and Nasal Cavity

12.3 Types of Odorant Receptors

12.4 Odor versus Odorant

12.5 The Olfactory Bulb

12.6 Projections to Various Brain Regions

12.7 Flavor as the Combination of Taste and Smell

12.8 Other Influences on Flavor

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13.1 Sensation versus Perception

13.2 Experience as Multi-Sensory Integration

13.3 How Context Influences Perception

13.4 Integration in the Visual System

13.5 Where in the brain does integration occur?

13.6 The Binding Problem

13.7 Feature Integration Theory

13.8 Binocular Vision and Visual Binding

13.9 Abnormal Binding: Synesthesia

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14.1 Why do we study illusions?

14.2 Color Constancy and Checkerboard Illusion

14.3 Rotating Mask Illusion

14.4 Muller-Lyer and Other Perspective Illusions

14.5 Auditory Illusion

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15.1 Vision: Why can we not see when we look at the sun?

15.2 Vision: How do we perceive different colors?

15.3 Vision: How is visual information transmitted?

15.4 Vision: How do we perceive visual memories?

15.5 Vision: Do our pupils dilate when we’re dreaming? When we sleep with our eyes open?

15.6 Somatosensation: Why is somatosensory information not sent directly to the cerebral cortex?

15.7 Somatosensation: How do reflexes work?

15.8 Somatosensation: How are somatosensory signals organized as they are sent to the brain?

15.9 Hearing: How is sound information transmitted in the ear?

15.10 Hearing: Why can animals hear different sounds?

15.11 Hearing: Where are the visual and auditory cortices located?

15.12 Hearing: Why can we not hear while we are deeply asleep?

15.13 Taste: How can we perceive hundreds of different tastes?

15.14 Smell: Why do we perceive smells as good or bad?

15.15 Other: How can we have experience without a physical stimulus?

15.16 Other: How can a chicken survive without a brain?

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